J. Tissue Eng. With the rapid development of regenerative medicine, the ECM has gained attention as the fourth element in the development of bone tissue engineering (Ravindran et al., 2012) (Figure 1). (2011). These results suggest that, unlike TSP1, TSP2 may act as an inhibitor of MSCs proliferation and a promoter of differentiation by regulating the mechanism of collagen fibrillogenesis. doi: 10.1139/bcb-2018-0263, Luo, G. B., Ducy, P., McKee, M. D., Pinero, G. J., Loyer, E., Behringer, R. R., et al. In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a three-dimensional network of extracellular macromolecules, such as collagen, enzymes, and glycoproteins, that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells. Biglycan and decorin are class I SLRPs that contain either dermatan or chondroitin sulfate GAG chains. Thrombospondin enhances RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis and facilitates lung cancer bone metastasis. Moreover, the 1/3 ratio of MSCs/HUVECs has the best angiogenic effect on MSCs (Carvalho et al., 2019b). Small leucine rich proteoglycans, a novel link to osteoclastogenesis. Prog. MEPE knockout mice show increased bone mass, accompanied by suppressed mineralization, suggesting that both DMP1 and MEPE can regulate the mineralization in osteocytes and lacunar wall (Gluhak-Heinrich et al., 2007) (Table 4). 51 When type I collagen solutions were applied to the surface of decellularized porcine cancellous bone, the coating modulated the stiffness of the matrix. R-spondin-2 is a Wnt agonist that regulates osteoblast activity and bone mass. The regulatory effects of proteoglycans on collagen fibrillogenesis and morphology investigated using biomimetic proteoglycans. Eng. Collagen … 52, 401–407. Nat. Explore the 3D anatomical views in Modules 4.11 Special Connective Tissue: Bone and Cartilage and 4.13 Cartilage to learn about where bone and cartilage can be found in the body. Acta Biomater. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.07.007, Garnero, P. (2015). A., Campbell, B., Poche, J. N., Ma, M., Rogers, E., Gaupp, D., et al. Osteoblasts are bone cells that are responsible for bone formation. 36, 69–80. Cancer metastasis is the dissemination of tumor cells to new sites, resulting in the formation of secondary tumors. Finally, the application of ECM-based scaffold for bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering is reviewed. Front. (2016). In terms of influencing the maturation and function of osteoblasts, osteonectin and keratocan-null mice show fewer osteoblasts and decreased mineralized nodules in mutant cells (Igwe et al., 2011; Rosset and Bradshaw, 2016). As an important ECM component of natural bone tissue, HA has also been used in materials for bone regeneration and bone repairs, such as bone fillings and injectable bone substitutes. While additives can enhance the bone regeneration ability of the defect site, they must not affect the growth of other adjacent tissues at the graft site, hence avoiding inflammation and hyperplasia. Osteogenic differentiation and bone regeneration of iPSC-MSCs supported by a biomimetic nanofibrous scaffold. When DMP1 is removed, MSCs increasingly differentiate into osteogenic cells and bone mass, suggesting that it is a negative regulator of MSC differentiation (Zhang S. F. et al., 2018). J. Bone quality: the determinants of bone strength and fragility. Osteogenic Extracellular Matrix Sheet for Bone Tissue Regeneration. (B) decellularized ECM scaffold obtained either from tissue in vivo or cultured cells in vitro by decellularization, which is a promising strategy to induce bone regeneration and has good clinical performance. With the development of tissue engineering technology, biomaterials manufactured using materials engineering, nanotechnology, and 3D printing been used to develop novel implants for bone regeneration. 12, 4937–4961. Biosci. A PLGA/PLA scaffold was coated with dECM form human lung fibroblasts (hFDM) in bone defect repair by delivering BMP-2. doi: 10.1002/jbm.b.32648, Alford, A. I., Terkhorn, S. P., Reddy, A. Tendons connect muscle to bone. Cell Mater. With the development of 3D printing technology in recent years, the ECM can be processed through biological printing to obtain scaffolds with various topology, such as porous and lamellar, or even scaffolds with a shape that exactly matches the defect site. Biol. Curr. Vitamin K-dependent proteins involved in bone and cardiovascular health. Basal membrane : this membrane, generally considered part of the epith… BSP and osteopontin constitute most of the noncollagenous proteins found in the bone matrix. In bone, for example, collagen accounts for up to 90% of the proteins in the extracellular matrix. Table 1 The list of bone ECM components and their role in bone formation. (2017). Matrix Biol. doi: 10.1007/s00418-019-01770-y, Mansour, A., Mezour, M. A., Badran, Z., Tamimi, F. (2017). And the answer is, or at least it involves, something called the extracellular matrix. 105, 915–923. As a wnt agonist, R-spondin2 is abundantly expressed in pre-osteoblasts stimulated by Wnt. The extracellular matrix at a glance. Moreover, the dECM-coated CS/PCL demonstrated a good bone regeneration ability after in vivo implantation in rat calvarial defects, which was associated with increased mineralized tissue (Wu et al., 2019). Collagen types III and V regulate the fiber diameter and fibrillogenesis of type I collagen and are present in smaller amounts (Garnero, 2015). 30, 83–94. Because of their good proliferation ability and capacity for osteogenic differentiation. 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